Administrative Accountability for Artificial Intelligence Decision-Making Systems in Indonesian Governance

Abstract

The rapid development of Artificial Intelligence (AI) has significantly influenced public governance systems, including administrative decision-making processes in Indonesia. AI offers substantial benefits such as increased efficiency, accelerated public services, improved policy targeting, and data-driven governance. However, the use of AI in governmental decision-making also raises serious legal concerns regarding administrative accountability, transparency, explainability, due process, and state responsibility. This study aims to analyze the legal challenges posed by AI-based decision-making systems in Indonesian governance and to formulate an accountability framework consistent with administrative law principles. The research employed a qualitative method using a literature study approach (library research). Data were collected from statutory regulations, academic journals, books, policy reports, and comparative legal instruments related to AI governance and administrative accountability. The collected data were analyzed through qualitative content analysis and doctrinal legal interpretation. The findings reveal that Indonesia’s current administrative law framework remains predominantly designed for human decision-makers and is not yet fully prepared to regulate algorithmic governance. Key challenges include diffusion of responsibility among institutions and vendors, lack of transparency in automated decisions, weak human oversight, poor public-sector data quality, and limited readiness of judicial review mechanisms. The study concludes that accountability for AI-assisted governance must remain attached to the state, regardless of technological mediation. Therefore, Indonesia requires a comprehensive legal framework that includes legal authorization, human supervision, citizen rights to explanation, appeal mechanisms, independent audits, and shared liability standards. Such reforms are essential to ensure that AI strengthens public administration without undermining the rule of law, fairness, and democratic legitimacy.